SILVER NANOPARTICLES: GREEN SYNTHESIS, OPTICAL PROPERTIES, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ITS MECHANISM USING CITRUS SINENSIS
Abstract
Objective: Novelty and size specificity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) containing products gained popularity in today's world. The present
investigation involves the biosynthesis of AgNPs from Ag nitrate using the peel extract of Citrus sinesis, is facile, worthwhile and promising approach
toward environment protection.
Methods: The analytical techniques, such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), atomic force microscope
(AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, were used to characterize
synthesized nanoparticles. The antimicrobial activity of synthesized nanoparticle has also been examined on selected microbes.
Results: A UV-Vis spectrum shows peak absorption at 425 and 475 nm. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of protein as the stabilizing
agent surrounding the AgNPs. The SEM and AFM results show average diameter of almost 80 nm, whereas DLS results show average diameter of the
prepared nanoparticles 110 nm. The EDX spectrum confirmed the presence of an elemental Ag signal. Encouraging results were obtained against
Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus cereus.
Conclusion: AgNPs were found to be effective against selected microbes.
Keywords: Silver nanoparticles, Atomic force microscope, Energy-dispersive X-ray, Scanning electron microscope, Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Bacillus cereus.
Downloads
References
Bernhardt TM, Heiz U, Landman U, editors. Nanocatalysis. In:
Nanoscience and Technology. Berlin: Springer; 2007. p. 1-244.
Anker JN, Hall WP, Lyandres O, Shah NC, Zhao J, Van Duyne RP.
Biosensing with plasmonic nanosensors. Nat Mater 2008;7(6):442-53.
Jin R, Cao YC, Hao E, Métraux GS, Schatz GC, Mirkin CA. Controlling
anisotropic nanoparticle growth through plasmon excitation. Nature
;425(6957):487-90.
Maier SA, Brongersma ML, Kik PG, Meltzer S, Requicha AA,
Atwater HA. Plasmonics: A route to nanoscale optical devices. Adv
Mater 2001;13:1501-5.
Noginov MA, Zhu G, Belgrave AM, Bakker R, Shalaev VM,
Narimanov EE, et al. Demonstration of a spaser-based nanolaser.
Nature 2009;460(7259):1110-2.
Atwater HA, Polman A. Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices.
Nat Mater 2010;9(3):205-13.
Arvizo RR, Bhattacharyya S, Kudgus RA, Giri K, Bhattacharya R,
Mukherjee P. Intrinsic therapeutic applications of noble metal nanoparticles:
Past, present and future. Chem Soc Rev 2012;41(7):2943-70.
Slawson RM, Trevors JT, Lee H. Silver accumulation and resistance in
Pseudomonas stutzeri. Arch Microbiol 1992;158:398-04.
Zhao G, Stevens SE Jr. Multiple parameters for the comprehensive
evaluation of the susceptibility of Escherichia coli to the silver ion.
Biometals 1998;11(1):27-32.
Schleifer KH, Kloos WE. Isolation and characterization of Staphylococci
from human skin. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1975;25(1):50-61.
Otto M. Staphylococcus epidermidis – The ‘accidental’ pathogen. Nat
Rev Microbiol 2009;7(8):555-67.
Hedin G. Staphylococcus epidermidis – Hospital epidemiology
and the detection of methicillin resistance. Scand J Infect Dis
Suppl 1993;90:1-59.
Ledenbach LH, Marshall RT. Microbiological spoilage of dairy products.
In: Sperber WH, Doyle MP, editors. Compendium of the Microbiological
Spoilage of Foods and Beverages. New York: Springer; 2010. p. 41-67.
Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility
testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol
;45(4):493-6.
Vigneshwaran N, Kathe AA, Varadarajan PV, Nachane RP,
Balasubramanya RH. Biomimetics of silver nanoparticles by white rot
fungus, Phaenerochaete chrysosporium. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces
;53(1):55-9.
Saxena A, Tripathi RM, Singh RP. Biological synthesis of silver
nanoparticles by using onion (Allium cepa) extract and their antibacterial
activity. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct 2010;5:427-32.
Khandelwal N, Singh A, Jain D, Upadhyay MK, Verma HN. Green
synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Argimone maxicana leaf
extract and evaluation of their activity. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct
;5:483-89.
Shukla VK, Pandey S, Pandey AC. Green synthesis of silver
nanoparticles using neem leaf (Azadirachta indica) extract. In:
Proceedings of International Conference on Advanced Nanomaterials
and Nanotechnology. Guwahati, Assam, India: ICANN-2009; 2010.
Namratha N, Monica PV. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using
Azadirachta indica (Neem) extract and usage in water purification.
Asian J Pharm Technol 2013;3:170-4.
Lalitha A, Subbaiya R, Ponmurugan P. Green synthesis of silver
nanoparticles from leaf extract Azhadirachta indica and to study its
anti-bacterial and antioxidant property. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci
;2:228-35.
Singhal G, Bhavesh R, Kasariya K, Sharma AR, Singh RP. Biosynthesis
of silver nanoparticles using Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) leaf extract and
screening its antimicrobial activity. J Nanopart Res 2011;13:2981-8.
Philip D, Unni C. Extra cellular biosynthesis of gold and silver
nanoparticles using Krishna tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf. Physica E
;43:1318-22.
Kong J, Yu S. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of
protein secondary structures. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)
;39(8):549-59.
Wang W, Chen Q, Jiang C, Yang D, Liu X, Xu S. One step synthesis
of biocompatible gold nanopartcles using gallic acid in the presence of
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 8, Issue 6, 2015, 179-184
Kaushik and Joshi
poly-(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone). Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp
;301:73-9.
Sondi I, Salopek-Sondi B. Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent:
A case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. J Colloid
Interface Sci 2004;275(1):177-82.
Danilczuk M, Lund A, Sadlo J, Yamada H, Michalik J. Conduction
electron spin resonance of small silver particles. Spectrochim Acta A
Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2006;63(1):189-91.
Kim JS, Kuk E, Yu KN, Kim JH, Park SJ, Lee HJ, et al. Antimicrobial
effects of silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine 2007;3(1):95-101.
Feng QL, Wu J, Chen GQ, Cui FZ, Kim TN, Kim JO. A mechanistic
study of the antibacterial effect of silver ions on Escherichia coli and
Staphylococcus aureus. J Biomed Mater Res 2000;52(4):662-8.
Matsumura Y, Yoshikata K, Kunisaki S, Tsuchido T. Mode of
bactericidal action of silver zeolite and its comparison with that of
silver nitrate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003;69(7):4278-81.
Morones JR, Elechiguerra JL, Camacho A, Holt K, Kouri JB,
RamÃrez JT, et al. The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles.
Nanotechnology 2005;16(10):2346-53.
Hatchett DW, Henry S. Electrochemistry of sulfur adlayers on lowindex
faces of silver.
J
Phys
Chem 1996;100:9854-9.
Subha V, Ernest Ravindran RS, Sruthi P, Renganathan S. An ecofriendly
approach
for
synthesis of silver nanoparticles
using
Ipomoea
pes-caprae
root extract and
their antimicrobial
properties.
Asian
J
Pharm
Clin Res
;8(5):103-6.
Siddiqui BS, Afshan F, Ghiasuddin, Faizi S, Naqvi SN, Tariq RM.
Two insecticidal tetranortriterpenoids from Azadirachta indica.
Phytochemistry 2000;53(3):371-6.
Huang Q, Li D, Sun Y, Lu Y, Su X, Yang H, et al. Biosynthesis of silver
and gold nanoparticles by novel sundried Cinnamomum camphora leaf.
Nanotechnology 2007;18:105104-15.
Ganesh Babu MM, Gunasekaran P. Production and structural
characterization of crystalline silver nanoparticles from Bacillus cereus
isolate. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009;74(1):191-5.
Jain N, Bhargava A, Majumdar S, Tarafdar JC, Panwar J. Extracellular
biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using
Aspergillus flavus NJP08: A mechanism perspective. Nanoscale
;3(2):635-41.
Sathyavathi R, Krishna MB, Rao SV, Saritha R, Rao DN. Biosynthesis
of silver nanoparticles using Coriandrum sativum leaf extract and their
application in nonlinear optics. Adv Sci Lett 2010;3:1-6.
Shankar SS, Rai A, Ahmad A, Sastry M. Rapid synthesis of Au, Ag, and
bimetallic Au core-Ag shell nanoparticles using Neem (Azadirachta
indica) leaf broth. J Colloid Interface Sci 2004;275(2):496-502.
Song JY, Kim BS. Rapid biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles
using plant leaf extracts. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2009;32(1):79-84.
Huanga NM, Limb HN, Radimanc S, Khiewd PS, Chiud WS,
Hashime R, et al. Sucrose ester micellar-mediated synthesis of
Ag nanoparticles and the antibacterial properties. Colloids Surf A
Physicochem Eng Asp 2010;353:69-76.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
The publication is licensed under CC By and is open access. Copyright is with author and allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions.